Features of Goodpastures Syndrome

Features of Goodpastures Syndrome Introduction Goodpastures syndrome, a rare autoimmune disease is characterized by anti-GBM (anti-glomerular basement membrane) antibodies attacking glomerular and alveolar basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs respectively. It was first reported by Dr. Ernest William Goodpasture in 1919 and first used by Stanton and Tange in 1957 in their case studies involving nine patients with the pulmonary-renal syndrome. [1, 2] Clinical Features   Ã‚   The onset of this disease ranges from the ages of 20-30 and 60-70 especially in young men in their late twenties or in men and women over sixty years of age study. [3] The diagnostic techniques involved in detection of Goodpastures syndrome include i) urine analysis that detects kidney damage by presence of high number of red blood cells or protein in the urine sample ii) blood tests showing the presence of anti-GBM antibodies iii) x-rays that can show anomalies in lung anatomy or iv) biopsies that involve imaging of a kidney tissue sample to demonstrate glomeruli characterised by crescent-shaped structures and lines of antibodies attached to the GBM. [4] While Goodpastures syndrome constitutes the representation of clinical features like rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and pulmonary hemorrhage from any cause, Goodpasture disease also includes the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in addition to the other characteristics. The term anti-GBM disease constitutes a patient with the typical autoantibodies, irrespective of clinical symptoms and characteristic features. [1,5] The clinical manifestations associated with Goodpastures syndrome include acute renal failure resulting from rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis along with pulmonary hemorrhage that might prove fatal. The symptoms in relation to it consist of bleeding of lungs, kidney failure, hematuria, proteinuria, general malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. [1,6,7,8,9] The exact etiology of this syndrome is not known however there seem to be genetic and environmental risk factors. The factors being i) exposure to organic solvents or hydrocarbons ii) smoking and drugs iii) infection iv) exposure to metal particulate matter v) lymphocyte-depletion therapy. [1,5,10] The characteristic pathology in individuals experiencing the Goodpastures Syndrome can be detected by immunofluorescence staining technique of the IgG on the GBM that shows smooth diffuse linear patterns. [11] Hemodialysis, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide drugs and immunosuppressive agents like methylprednisolone pulse therapy or oral administration of prednisolone are possible treatments for Goodpastures syndrome. [12,13,14] Basic Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms The localization of immunoglobulin IgG deposits at sites of inflammation within the pulmonary and renal basement membranes shows Goodpastures syndrome (a form of the anti-GBM disease) to be an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. The pathogenic role of these antibodies has been confirmed by  transplantation of circulating or kidney-eluted anti-GBM antibodies to Rhesus monkey or human kidney allografts that result in the development of the disease.  A type II hypersensitivity reaction occurs when antibodies are targeted against extracellular matrix (ECM) specific antigens. [15]   The hypersensitivity response affects all organs in the body of which collagen is a constituent but the alveolar and glomerular basement membranes are more prone to the effect. This discrepancy is a result of increased accessibility of epitopes (antigen molecules facilitating attachment to a matching antibody) linked to overexpression of ÃŽÂ ±3 collagen chains in the respective basement membranes allowing access and formation of antibodies. [16] While ÃŽÂ ±3NC1 antibodies are the most common in patients with Goodpastures syndrome, ÃŽÂ ±5NC1 antibodies are less prevalent. Sometimes antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [ANCA] can also be present. [5,17] The disorder develops antibodies that target ÃŽÂ ±3 chain of basement membrane collagen (type IV collagen) present in alveoli in lungs and in the glomeruli that form the filtering units of the kidneys within the nephrons. These structures contain the basement membrane with collagen as its essential component that differentiates the epithelia from the underlying tissue. The conformational epitopes of the Goodpasture antigen are localized within 2 regions in the carboxyl terminal, noncollagenous (NC1) domain of a type IV collagen chain, ÃŽÂ ±3(IV)NC1. [1, 5, 18]. Upon interaction of the anti-GBM antibodies with the conformational epitope of the GBM glycoproteins, the complement pathway of the immune system gets activated. This results in infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. The severely damaged GBM induces reflux of fibrinogen into the Bowman space, fibrinogen polymerizes to fibrin through the proliferation of procoagulant factors from activated mono cytes, leading to a crescent formation.[19] Goodpastures syndrome is linked with specific HLA types. Both positive (HLA-DR15) and negative (HLA-DR7) associations are defined and being used to develop an understanding of antigen presentation, tolerance and autoimmunity. [20,21,22] Recent Developments Recent developments like the plasmapheresis technique, steroidal drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy have drastically ameliorated the course of the medical condition in comparison to yesteryears, in which Goodpasture syndrome was deemed fatal. [23] Zhao et al., demonstrate the significant role of ÃŽÂ ±5NC1-specific antibodies in pathogenesis of Goodpastures disease and also re-confirm ÃŽÂ ±345 collagen IV molecule as the original GP autoantigen. [17] The invention of a drug, now patented, with its active element containing boron  that constitutes inhibitors of arginase activity has claimed remedial effects in the pathological state of Goodpastures Syndrome. [24] A recently developed, patented prophylaxis for glomerulonephritis resulting from Goodpastures syndrome comprises of administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-6 antibody that binds with or regulates the expression or activity of a mammalian IL-6 polypeptide. [25] Conclusions Goodpastures Syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-GBM antibodies attacking glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. The innate immune response comprises of (i) cell death; (ii) polymorphonuclear cell releasing neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, antigens and monocytes to infiltrate the glomerulus. The adaptive immune response triggers the classical pathway of complement activated by antigen-antibody complex formation, and type II hypersensitivity reaction. Here antigens are targeted against cell- specific and tissue specific antigens (chiefly the connective tissue). Unanswered Questions Currently, there is a lot of research focusing on deciphering the causative agents of the harmful antibodies that lead to the development of Goodpastures syndrome. Evidence from this research can lead to novel drug discovery, eventually leading to a potential definitive cure for Goodpastures syndrome. [17] The exact the genetic determinants that constitute the etiology of Goodpastures syndrome are yet to be found. Bibliography Salama AD, Pusey CD. Goodpasture syndrome and other antiglomerular basement membrane diseases. In: Gilbert SJ, Weiner DE, eds. National Kidney Foundations Primer on Kidney Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: chap 21. Benoit, F. L., D. B. Rulon, G. B. Theil, P. D. Doolan, and R. H. Watten. Goodpastures syndrome: a clinicopathologic entity. The American journal of medicine 37, no. 3 (1964): 424-444. Hudson B, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson E. Alport syndrome, goodpasture syndrome, and type IV Collagen. New Engl J Med 2003; 348:2543-56. Fervenza, Fernando C. Goodpasture Syndrome | NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/glomerular-diseases/goodpasture-syndrome (accessed March 1, 2017). Phelps RG, Turner AN. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and Goodpasture disease. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: chap 24. Lahmer T, Heemann U. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease: a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the kidney and the lung. Autoimmun Rev 2012;12:169-73. Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR, et al. Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis. N Engl J Med2010;363:343-54. Salant David J. Goodpastures disease new secrets revealed. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:388-91. Dammacco F, Battaglia S, Gesualdo L, Racanelli V. Goodpastures disease: a report of ten cases and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2013;12:1101-8. Jones, Joanne L., Sara AJ Thompson, Priscilla Loh, Jessica L. Davies, Orla C. Tuohy, Allison J. Curry, Laura Azzopardi et al. Human autoimmunity after lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 50 (2013): 20200-20205. MD, Edward. Renal Pathology http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/RENAHTML/RENAL093.html (accessed March 1, 2017). Greco, Antonio, Maria Ida Rizzo, Armando De Virgilio, Andrea Gallo, Massimo Fusconi, Giulio Pagliuca, Salvatore Martellucci, Rosaria Turchetta, Lucia Longo, and Marco De Vincentiis. Goodpastures syndrome: a clinical update. Autoimmunity reviews 14, no. 3 (2015): 246-253. Bolton, W. Kline. Goodpastures syndrome. Kidney international 50, no. 5 (1996): 1753-1766. Johnson, John P., Walter Whitman, William A. Briggs, and Curtis B. Wilson. Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive agents in anti-basement25] membrane antibody-induced Goodpastures syndrome. The American journal of medicine 64, no. 2 (1978): 354-359. Rutgers A, Meyers KEC, Canziani G, Kalluri R, Lin J, Madaio MP. High affinity of anti-GBM antibodies from Goodpasture and transplanted Alport patients to 3 (IV) NC1 collagen. Kidney Int. 2000;58:115-122. Kelly, Patrick T., and Edward F. Haponik. Goodpasture syndrome: molecular and clinical advances. Medicine 73, no. 4 (1994): 171-185. Zhao J, Cui Z, Yang R, et al. Anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies against different target antigens are associated with disease severity. Kidney Int 2009; 76:1108. Borza, Dorin-Bogdan, Eric G. Neilson, and Billy G. Hudson. Pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome: a molecular perspective. In Seminars in nephrology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 522-531. WB Saunders, 2003. Morita, Takashi, Yasunosuke Suzuki, and Jacob Churg. Structure and development of the glomerular crescent. The American journal of pathology 72, no. 3 (1973): 349. Phelps, Richard G., and Andrew J. Rees. The HLA complex in Goodpastures disease: a model for analyzing susceptibility to autoimmunity. Kidney international 56, no. 5 (1999): 1638-1653. Phelps, Richard G., Victoria Jones, A. Neil Turner, and Andrew J. Rees. Properties of HLA class II molecules divergently associated with Goodpastures disease. International immunology 12, no. 8 (2000): 1135-1143. Turner AN, Rees AJ. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Chapter 3.11). In: Cameron SDAM, Grunfeld JP, Kerr DNS, Ritz E, eds Oxford Textbook of Nephrology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 Shah MK, Hugghins SY. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with Goodpastures syndrome. South Med J 2002;95:1411-8. Van Zandt, Michael, Adam Golebiowski, Min Koo Ji, Darren Whitehouse, Todd Ryder, and Raymond Paul Beckett. Inhibitors of arginase and their therapeutic applications. U.S. Patent 9,266,908, issued February 23, 2016. Marshall, Diane, and Stevan Shaw. Method for the treatment of glomerulonephritis by administering an IL-6 antibody. U.S. Patent 9,321,837, issued April 26, 2016.

Impact of Information Technology in Organizations Essay

What Is Information Technology (IT)?Information technology is one of the very advancing and in-demand technologies of this era. Ever since this technology has emerged, it has heavily dominated many organizations and firms providing them with efficient way of work. Before indulging into the depth of this technology with respect to organizations, it is first important to get a brief idea about what information technology really is. Information technology basically involves all the things that are related to the technology and science of computer and telecommunication systems. Information Technology is concerned with developing technology into something more fruitful. Information technology is inclusive of both rational and technological elements. On the other side, technological elements comprise of terms and conditions of information technology that are needed for logical structure of a system (Kalam 1, 2000). In other words, it can be said that information technology includes both computer hardware and software like voice, telecommunication stuff, multimedia and so forth. Therefore, information technology is helpful for inserting, extracting or processing information (Kalam 1, 2000). It must be clear to all that information technology is not just limited to computer oriented areas, but also helpful in departments of telecommunication, micro graphics, various firms and other support services. Internet technology is also termed as â€Å"the information revolution† at many instances and as Information and Communications Technology at other instances. Information technology makes life easier for everyday places especially large organizations and places like libraries and is very helpful in managing all types of information in form of databases. Since information technology relies heavily on computers, many firms and educational institutes call their computer departments as IT departments. Such department is also called Information Services (IS) or Management Information Services (MIS) in several organizations (Jidaw, 2008). Most of the advanced Information Technology Department involves the usage of computers, servers, database management systems, and cryptography. The people needed in such departments are System Administrators, Database Administrators, and Technology Manager and these people are supposed to send all reports to Chief Information Officer (CIO). Since many companies are  really concerned about the security and privacy of the information within them, the scope of job inside Information Technology organization is very high and the data security and server experts get highly paid for their jobs (Schneider, 2008). Impact of Information Technology in the SocietyWith respect to ongoing theories and justifications about the modern changes in the world, it has been justified that this era of humans is in the middle of a third big revolution. Early revolution included innovations and strides in agriculture, mechanization, and industrialization. The third one and the recent one is the Information Revolution. The development in the technology of information and communication has been taking place for nearly hundred years and the growth is still at its pace. It is amazing how easily one piece of information can be transferred from one corner of the world to another in just a blink of an eye. People can exchange all kinds of information to people all over the world or just to a specific group of people. In this ever changing and modernized society, information technology plays a significant part in many aspects. This approach has proposed fresh business offers and advancements in many organizations. Information technology supplies the organizations with firm communication deals that are helpful for the firms to develop the business at a worldwide level very easily. In order to organize a long chain of distributors, dealers, and purchasers, all the organizations have set up global information systems. These global information systems help in keeping a track of placed orders, delivered products, and payments made all over the world. All the credit goes to the advancement in internet technology which has made all these things possible and made them easy to handle. The setup of basic information is made in such a way that at the lowest stage, there are servers comprising of one operating system. Software like database and web serving are usually installed on these servers, making them interconnected with each other and to the users through the help of a network infrastructure. The users who have access to these servers are facilitated with their personal â€Å"hardware, operating systems, and software tools† (Alexandrou). Basic Elements of Information TechnologyBefore jumping in the depth of the  impact of information technology in organizations, it will be handy to learn about the basic elements of information technology so that it will make it easy to comprehend this technology. As it was already mentioned that information technology can be described as such kind of technology which is needed to develop information into something more fruitful. Specifically it can be deduced that employing computer and its software to convert, save, progress, send, and extract information is what information technology is all about. The following technologies are the important technologies generated from information technology:1- Computer Hardware Technologies:Such technologies comprise of personal computers, powerful servers that are maintained by devices that sends, retrieves, and saves information. 2- Telecommunication and Network Technologies:Technologies linked with networking and telecommunication enhance the level of communication between organizations as they comprise of telecommunications media and related software that is both wired and wireless and are helpful for Internet and other networks. 3- Computer Software Technologies:Such technologies comprise of all kinds of software and web browsers useful in educational institutes and business organizations. 4- Data Resource Management Technologies:Such kind of technologies involve all the things needed to maintain a database for a company or institute (Kawatra 25, 2000). Impact of Information Technology on Various InstitutionsWhen the term institution comes, it does not point out to one specific workplace or anything of that sort, instead all the organizations, companies, firms, and schools can be categorized under the word institution. Organizations are divided according to their role and management policies. This portion will now briefly talk about how information technology has affected these institutions in helping them gain success. 1- Governments:Government itself comprises of various branches and  institutions, and each of the institution of government has a particular area to deal with. With the advancements in information technology, all the government institutes have also developed a lot to and have provided the citizens with better services. Not just this, but also, this advancement has heavily improved the security abilities of government by helping them design better and improved weapons and tools for the war and for military and army people (Kawatra 27, 2000). B2 Bomber is one such example of a plane which came into being solely due to the advancement in information technology and modern computer methods. Along with this, government can also keep sensitive information about anything in a safe environment, without the fear of it getting extracted by unauthorized people. 2- Commercial Businesses:Commercial businesses play a vital role in today’s time and therefore, without any doubt, it can be said that the innovations and strides made have affected such businesses too. The extremely vital part played by information technology in such businesses is to supply benefits to the world of commercials. These benefits are achieved by the commercial businesses by the help of the newly progressed software like application software and operating systems (Kumar 104, 2000). Since television is the most entertaining and quick form of showing things all over the world at the same time, commercial businesses have taken the full advantage from this. 3- News & Media Organizations:All the work done by news & media organizations is relied totally on computers and therefore this shows how information technology has put an impact on them. Every task performed by information technology is also needed by news and media organizations, like saving information, sending it out to people, creating information and so forth (Ritendra 42, 2005). Hence, it can be seen how important the information technology is for such organizations. 4- Educational Organizations:Along with providing benefits and advantages to business-oriented organizations, information technology has even influenced the educational organizations. The advancements in information technology has made it very easy for the students as well as the faculty members to pretty much search anything on the Internet, exchange any personal  information via emails and share any knowledgeable things on forums and groups (Meadowcroft, 2000). Impact of Information Technology on Undergraduate EducationEvery industrialized nation has government bodies which try to integrate and coordinate the level of technological progress which aids in the foundation and establishment of educational institutes. Along with having a qualified faculty, it is significant to have information technology as part of the undergraduate education systems. Having information or computer department does not mean that it should only be available to the people of that area; instead students should be involved too by doing presentations, and working on other such things. Faculty members and undergraduate students can use computer facilities to take the full advantage of this technology on their finger tips. This technology has increased the ease of gaining information and decreased the hassle of worrying about the time it would have taken to seek information otherwise (Williams). The following impacts have been put by those tools:1) These tools help students in copying, presenting, researching and understanding the real-life oriented scientific complications which helps in building the examining capability in students. 2) Information technology helps in building the teamwork and learning capabilities among the students and helps them to solve matters and problems by searching and discussing with each other. 3) As information technology is advancing day by day, this is also bringing rapid changes in the formation and distribution of educational tools. 4) The proper and frequent use of information technology can help in providing an efficient educational system. 5) Information technology also helps the students of one part of the world to interact with the students in other parts of the world (Williams, 1996). Impact of Information Systems & Technology on OrganizationsIt will be doubtless to say that nowadays, majority of the organizations, whether  private or government, rely a lot on information systems. Thus, it can be said that information technology has become truly mixed with all sorts of businesses. Organizations, like telecommunications or finance, involve efficient usage of information technology in order for them to exist successfully. Ever since the concept of e-commerce has started, this technology plays a vital and significant role in carrying out any business. Organizations are not only employing information technology to improve old ways of business deals, but are also employing it to discover fresh and innovative chances in order to gain success. Though employing old methods and approaches will not do any harm, but they will not lead to a lot of success in the future and will just maintain a stable outcome for the organizations. For instance, there are several banks and insurance companies that still rely on such systems which were introduced nearly 30 years ago (Bharadwaj 169, 2000). ConclusionIn the end, it can be concluded that the advancements and progresses in information technology in firms and organizations have undoubtedly brought a noticeable revolution. Information technology has led to ideas and notions that not only improve merely one organization, but also increases competition among various organizations to do something better and efficient. Every organization wants to be the best one and therefore, for that purpose it always keeps on looking for advancements and ways to employ them in order to turn itself into a superior and flourishing one. As pressure is building inside organizations and improvements are being made in technologies, all the organizations are making efforts to utilize these technologies and gain success and prosperity from them. There is no doubt that as things are becoming advanced, they are providing easier and quicker way of performing tasks while giving better results every time. Obvious improvements can be seen in all areas of businesses due to the magic spread by the information technology. New approaches and techniques are followed and implemented by all business organizations and training is being given to people of different firms for the sake of making them experts. The story does not end here, there are yet more advancement expected in information technology and as more tools and technologies will be developed, people will be able to succeed more and the competition will increase. Information  technology is a good base for those interested in computers to have their career in this field, as this field will not only give a start to their careers but it also promises success and progresses in the upcoming years. Educational institutes teach information technology as a separate subject in schools, which shows the importance of this technology and the role it plays in everyday life. It can be deduced that information technology is a necessity of daily life and is a food for prosperity. References: 1-Jidaw Systems Limited, 2008, ‘What is Information Technology?’, < http://www.jidaw.com/itsolutions/whatisit.html>2-Laura Schneider, 2008, ‘Information Technology – Definition and History’, Tech Careers Guide, 3-Alexandrou, M. (n.d.), ‘Definition of information technology,’ 4-Goel (Ritendra), 2005, ‘Fundamentals of information technology,’ Lucknow: Paragon. 5-Kawatra, P. S., (2000), ‘Textbook of information sciences’, New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. 6-Abdul Kalam, A. P. J,2001, February 3-9, ‘Knowledge society,’ Employment News7-Meadowcroft, B, 2001, ‘The impact of information technology on work and society,’ from 8-Kumar, K., Singh, S. P, 2000, ‘From information society to knowledge society,’ Journal of Library and Information Science, 25(2), 104-111. 9-Luther S. Williams, 1996, ‘Information Technology: Its Impact on Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology,’ Report on an NSF Workshop, National Science Foundation. 10-A. Bharadwaj, ‘A resource-based perspective on information technology and firm performance: An empirical investigation’, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2000, 169-196.

My ideal school Essay

Recently, I made a list of what I think my perfect school would look like. As I began developing the list, I was struck by two things: Firstly, how most of it was about making school more student-centered, and secondly, that I didn’t mention technology once. For me, this second trend bears a little more fleshing out. I would never say that there is no place for technology in education, far from it†¦ But I think the place of technology is to support a more student-focused, relevant and engaging methodology. It is the ‘how’, not the ‘what’. For me, technology in the ideal school plays a supporting role – and it is a vital one, since my dream school relies on it to work, but it is still only there as a means to support the growth and flourishing of our students. The specific technologies will change and evolve, but once a school has reliable and fast Internet connectivity, other technologies can grow around it. Just as if our students are given primary status over the syllabus, everything else will fall into place. Finally, some of these ideas you will recognise as eminating from leading education gurus such as Sir Ken Robinson. For this, I make no apologies: I have embraced the learning revolution! With that in mind, here’s what I think the ideal school should be like: (Please feel free to comment and add your own below.) The perfect school: The primary focus is on tinkering, experimenting, problem-solving and making mistakes, rather than getting content into heads. ‘Remembering’ is very much a required skill, but it is closer to the bottom of the pyramid than it is currently in most schools. The whole school environment is challenging, supportive, caring and aimed at personal growth. Students are encouraged to feel as proud of their failures and the lessons learnt from them as they are of their successes. The teachers are passionate about upgrading their skills and embracing the most effective methodologies. The priority in lessons is about engagement and collaboration. There is a focus on helping students to discover their ‘element’, or the thing they feel they can spend their lives  doing. (This is what ‘creativity’ in education really means.) There is no hierarchy of subjects. Art, Drama, Music and the Humanities are treated with the same reverance as Maths, Science and Langua ges. Subject boundaries are also blurred and intermingled. Lessons are customized to the individual, rather than a one-size fits all. Students have a significant amount of input into the design and delivery of lessons. Learning spaces are orientated and arranged around the comfort and learning of the student, not the priorities of the teacher. Enrichment opportunities, running both parallel to the school day, and taking place after school are an essential part of the learning process. I acknowledge that teachers can implement many of these in their own classrooms very quickly, but the most important ones require a systemic shift. I would like to challenge our school leaders to ponder this list and to attempt to put in place the policies and procedures required to make every school the perfect school.

Reflective Thinking A Component Of Critical Thinking

Reflective thinking: a component of critical thinking Critical thinking is considered as a higher level of reflective thinking that involves us becoming more aware of why we perceive things, the way we feel, act and do† (Phan, 2009). As the demand increases for students to demonstrate course material through hands on application, it is imperative for students to acquire clinical competency and effective critical thinking and decision-making skills. Through the use of HPS, students are offered a sequence and set of instructional practices that create conditions for practice in a mock work world. For example, experiential learning opportunities such as the High Fidelity Simulation (HFS) enhanced lab activity, and increased the student’s ability to synthesize critical content (Alfred Fountain, 2009). These integrated lab activities provide a learning environment where students do self-exploration and share ideas and viewpoints with peers in small groups. 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As the first stage of Johns reflective model asks for the description of the event, the descriptive part will be attached (see appendix A). In accordance with the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008) the names of the individual involved have been changed using pseudonym in the form of James, JenniferRead MoreThe Importance Of Reflection And How It Aids The Professional Development Of A Newly Graduated Nurse1622 Words   |  7 PagesHowever there may be potential barriers when trying to make judgements about a students inner most thoughts and personal experiences. The purpose of this essay is to critically analyse the concept of reflection and to find out if it is an essential component to nursing practise in the transition from student nurse to graduate registered nurse. This paragraph is about the concept of reflection and how it aids the professional development of a newly graduated nurse. To do this, we first have to understand

Success of Black Americans In The Civil Right Period Of...

During the period of 20 years between 1950 and 1970, black Americans were able to improve their level of civil rights. Therefore, it is logical to say that they were at least partly successful in achieving their civil rights. This was accomplished through a variety of ways, two commonly used techniques being legal strategies and non-violent direct action. However, because they were unable to attain complete equality, there must have been factors that worked against the civil rights movement. One of these factors was the use of violence as a means of protest. Legal strategies contributed greatly to the amount of success that the Civil Rights movement achieved. This was for several reasons, one of the main ones being that they provided†¦show more content†¦This obviously then means that legal cases and strategies led to successes in many areas, such as education and transportation that ultimately contributed to the overall success of the Black American Civil Rights Movement. Non-violent direct action also provided an avenue for success in black American’s struggle to achieve equality in terms of civil rights. This was because non-violent direct action had a two fold effect: it pressured organisations to reduce or completely abolish their level of segregation and it gained support from people, especially those who were undecided on the issue of civil rights. The pressure that non-violent protests put upon companies and organisations can be very easily seen during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this protest, many of the black customers of the public buses refrained from using them, resulting in the bus businesses losing 75% of their market. This,obviously, meant a 75% loss in profits, something that the companies could not tolerate without going bankrupt or at least being very financially shaken. This lead to the companies, after the afore mentioned Browder v. Gayle (1956) case, to give in to the black protesters and allow integration. 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Whatever They Told You About Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why So How About Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade? It turned out to be a lengthy procedure for courtship, he explained. Some even spend over 30 minutes merely to drink this new fad. Additionally, it says why they don't like spicy salsa. The meal that I would love to get all day long. A fast look at the beverage menu is sufficient to pique one's curiosity. If you're thinking of adopting a pet, you may consider picking a dog or a cat. For starters, it ought to be something you're passionate about. Locate the testing technique that most fits your thinking style and practice it over and over until it's perfected. Seeing rhetorical analysis in action is just one of the greatest methods to understand it. Moreover, certain passages could possibly be accompanied by images, and questions inquiring about the association between these images and the written information. A simile is a means to compare two unique things employing the connecting words like or as to be able to make an intriguing connection in the readers mind. Something to consider! Companies will need to understand that their customers are not just different from one another, but are also different from themselves at unique times. People have various needs when they're at work and if they are at home or socializing. All the Places to Love by Patricia MacLachlan inside this text she's giving a great deal of examples of why he adores these places. Support your opinion with three or more strong explanations. Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade and Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade - The Perfect Combination There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. It is not the best choice because it is misspelled. Besides leadin g to the last choice to get a product, consumer promotions programs can be quite helpful in bringing traffic into a shop and generating brand loyalty. In the last few years, vending machines and junk food has been taken away from school cafeterias in order to give healthier food for students. Marketers then utilize other tactics in combination with advertising programs. In developing the product strategy, they strive for the right mix of promotional elements to make sure that their product is well received. Whispered Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Secrets Going to school is similar to having a complete time job. Snowboarding is an enjoyable activity and ought to be promoted by the schools. Math is everywhere, including in that which we do every single day. To get ready for the demands of middle school and higher school writing, fifth graders ought to be mastering skills necessary for strong nonfiction writing. The Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Pitfall Particularly, the study intends to answer the next sub issue. On the surface, the STAAR Writing Test may appear to be a tricky test to get ready for. Locate your preferred testing procedure. Start now, and receive a head start for the two tests! High school isn't free in Kenya. It's also a terrific way to lower any anxiety your little one could have about this test. This will both sharpen your kid's skill and help her or him perform better under pressure. The STAAR is a significant test that could influence and shape your kid's future academic improvement. Just take a position about how to devote the money. Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade - the Conspiracy Kibin editors are almost always prepared to provide help. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at the moment! Posted they need to be in a position to identify them in anchor papers. Writing a rhetorical analysis essay may seem to be a daunting undertaking. So you need to compose a bibliography. Use this instance of a persuasive essay to dissect and determine the sections of this genre. How to compose an expository essay.

Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development

Question: Identify for whom and/or for which organisation you will be writing the business case document. Identify an innovation that your group believes could be reasonably discussed as the subject of the business case. The innovation you choose should have the potential to be developed sustainably over a commercially viable period of time. Consider and evaluate the possible business models that could be used to realise the opportunities inherent in the innovation. Answer: Introduction Business case is a document that puts forward an argument that is proposed to induce a decision maker to approve some kind of action. It articulates a clear trail to an attractive Return on Investment (ROI). Companies create a new innovative product in order to keep ahead of competitors. To create a new innovative product it is essential to develop a proper strategy. The main aim of the business case development is to choose an organization and develop an innovative product to convince its stakeholders and customers about the innovation. The main aim is to develop a plan that would articulate an attractive return on investment. This case study focuses on the organization named Procter and Gamble. It shows how building an innovative product has helped the company achieves its goals and objectives. Innovation helps the company maintain and achieve competitive advantage (Hollensen 2015). Overview of the organization Procter and Gamble also known as PG is an American multinational company that produces wide range of consumer products. It is a global corporation that serves five billion consumers that sells its products in more than 140 countries. The products that it involves in selling are disposable nappies, snacks, shampoos and other cosmetic products. It is one of the largest consumer goods companies. The company recently plans to restructure itself in order to create new product to embrace the future. The main purpose of restructuring is creating new product, setting targets and goals, developing business and rewarding those who do it. To understand the power of innovation it is essential to understand the goals and objectives of the company. The business case study targets the management team and its stakeholders with the aim that it will help maximize the profit and the action of innovation will articulate maximum return on investment. The main focus of the organization is to develop a sus tainable product (Us.pg.com. 2016). Business case study on innovation The main aim of creating an innovative product is to improve the organizational culture and maintain competitive advantage. Innovation not only requires using inventors, expertise, researchers and product developers but it also requires using the capabilities of employees within an organization to help the product reach the market and targeted customers efficiently. The main of the hu8uman resource development department ion the company is develop and train the employees in such as way that they think innovatively out of the box. People with right attitude and skills help the organization develop a new innovative product that will help in preserving the culture of the organization (Boons et al. 2013). The main aim of the business should be to invent a product from which the consumers benefit. Procter and Gamble has developed many new products in the past and believes in developing more of new and innovative products in future. At present a group of business development has planned to develop a new product and suggest the product developer group about its innovation. The name of the product is flash antibacterial wipes. Its a medical product of the company. It is a new product that would help in killing the germs within twelve hours of use. Innovation is not only about research and development but it also involves listening to customers. Wipes that is created will help the in cleaning the germs both within and outside home (Cloyd and Euchner 2012). The wipes will be available in both a tube and refill value pack. It will be disposable in nature or one time use. This will help in preventing the germs to spread. It can be used in cleaning the cars and other technologies as well. This concept was developed form baby wipes. The wipes could be used on only cleaning the human being but now it can be used to clean other thins on household as well to make the healthy environment. The product developed will be commercial and sustainable in nature as the manufacturing dep artment of the company will use the raw material that is eco friendly and sustainable in nature. These are antibacterial wipes that will stop the bacteria from spreading. The product that will be developed will not take much time. The main of innovation of any product is making it available at commercially viable time so that the idea of their innovation is not copied by others before its release (Metcalfe and Miles 2012). Business models The other part of this business repot discusses the opportunities inherent in the innovation using viable business models of innovation. Innovation is a wonderful thing because it requires o new technologies or new market. It is developing the new product using existing technologies and promoting it in existing markets itself. The main aim of the innovation is to accomplish the goals of the company and maintain competitive advantage. For developing a new product a proper business model and strategy is essential in order to avoid the risks involves with innovation (Amit and Zott 2012). Diversity and culture in an organization helps in driving innovation. The diverse work force in an organization are preferred by managers in workforce is order to gather new innovative ideas. Inherent diversity involves gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation that can be used in expanding the opportunities of innovation in an organization. Two dimensional leadership programs can be used to enhance the innovation in an organization. Organization structure also supports innovation. Organization structure helps the flow of the idea of innovation easy throughout the enterprises. It helps the consumers learn quickly about the innovation. It also helps the organization increase its profitability. Staying ahead of competition and transforming existing markets is innovation. Investment in research and development department also helps the organization in developing new product. The idea of innovation may come from different sources that include salesperson such as retailers and developers. The main idea of innovation is coordination of different intellectual in an organization. This involves different technologies to combine to form a single unit or product. It involves transferring technologies and knowledge to create a new product from the already existing ones. Innovation is meeting the consumer needs. It also involves developing a product that is sustainable in nature. The business m odels help the organization by providing various data, logic and evidences that help the business develop and create the product that the customers require (Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell and Zhu 2013). The business models also help in evaluating the cost and profit of the firm and how it would gain by developing a new product. It is a conceptual model rather than a financial one. The business model depends on business strategies. Business models are used to deliver values to customers. The steps to achieve sustainable business models are market segmentation, design and implementation of mechanism in each segment and customers and suppliers. Business models hoe businesses make money. Business model for innovation is different from other business models as it implies changes in the foundation of business model upon which the businesses operates. Business models for innovation are radical and transformational in nature. Most of the innovation is incremental nature. Business models i nvolve strategizing the use of new technologies for the purpose of developing new and innovative product. Business model of innovation in Procter and Gamble involves developing technologies that will help the company solve existing problem and then develop a new product. The business models used in companies for innovation are based on research and development. Many companies try to license their Research and development department in order to outsource their innovation. Innovation also involves developing a new product that are eco friendly and whose impact on environment is least. Developing a product that is sustainable can help the business develop and grab the opportunities that are available. The main aim of the inventers should be to innovate those products whose demands in the market are high (Maglio and Spohrer 2013). The problems that innovation can solve Innovation helps the companies achieve and maintain competitive advantage. It helps the company mitigate the threats that it faces from the competitors helping the company increase its productivity and profitability. Innovation also helps the companies to attract more customers increasing the sale of the company. Innovation can be used in problem solving. The steps of creative problem solving involves clarifying and identifying problem, conducting research on the problem, formulating creative challenges, generate idea and drawing up an action plan. In todays world innovation is just not about creating a new product from existing products but it involves creating product and a new marketplace all together. In todays internet era the act of innovation becomes more challenging (Felin and Zenger 2014). Benefits of innovation There are many benefits of innovation. First is that it helps in increasing productivity and efficiency. It also helps in reducing cost. It also helps the organization create a better quality product that helps in meeting the consumer need. Innovation also helps the organization develop products that are sustainable in nature. It helps organizations solve the environmental issues. It also helps in improving staff retention, motivation and helps in easier recruitment. The value of the organization also increases (Von Schomberg 2013). Strategic response and plan Innovation requires the organizations to develop a proper plan and strategy to reduce the risk that is attached with innovation. The strategy for innovation involves developing a proper plan so that the company is successful in creating a product that consumers demand. The organization should not rely on just one solution. But it should develop a backup plan that can be used at time of emergency. The organization that is looking forward to innovate new products should use the following strategies to solve the problem of innovation: The first step will be to analyze the problem that the company faces and try to solve the problem that is in priority. This steps involves analyzing the questions such as why is the other company doing better than us or what innovation does the company require to gain competitive advantage. The second step is to analyze the problem. The third step is to classify the decision criteria. The fourth step involves coming up with more solutions to the problem by the team of experts. The last step will be picking the best solution that solves the problem sustainably and in short span of time (Wright 2014). Conclusion and recommendation Innovation is thinking out of the box. It is essential for gaining a competitive advantage. Innovation requires the organizations to develop a proper plan that will help the organization mitigate the risks of innovation. The main recommendation for the organization will be to develop a product that is eco friendly and sustainable in nature. Procter and Gamble is a multinational company that believes in innovation. It believes in creating new product and has in past developed product that has been successful in past. The main aim of the company should be to hire more skilful and knowledgeable employees that think out of the box. Innovation helps the organization improve its productivity and efficiency. Innovation also has few risks such as commercial return and competition. The main aim of the business case study is to present its objective and an action that fulfils the criteria of its stakeholders. It is an act that is adherent to accomplish the goal of the targeted group that is wi ther management team or its stakeholders. References Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Businesscasestudies.co.uk. (2016).Innovation, culture and people - Creating innovation for competitive advantage - Procter Gamble | Procter Gamble case studies and information | Business Case Studies. [online] Available at: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/procter-gamble/creating-innovation-for-competitive-advantage/innovation-culture-and-people.html#axzz49RV43pRb [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell, R. and Zhu, F., 2013. Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), pp.464-482. Cloyd, G. and Euchner, J., 2012. Building Open Innovation at PG.Research-Technology Management,55(4), pp.14-19. Felin, T. and Zenger, T.R., 2014. Closed or open innovation? Problem solving and the governance choice.Research Policy,43(5), pp.914-925. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hopkins, M., 2012.Corporate social responsibility and international development: is business the solution?. Earthscan. Leih, S., Linden, G. and Teece, D., 2014. Business model innovation and organizational design: a dynamic capabilities perspective. Maglio, P.P. and Spohrer, J., 2013. A service science perspective on business model innovation.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), pp.665-670. Metcalfe, J.S. and Miles, I. eds., 2012.Innovation systems in the service economy: measurement and case study analysis(Vol. 18). Springer Science Business Media. Ozkan, N.N., 2015. An Example of Open Innovation: PG.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,195, pp.1496-1502. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F. and Hansen, E.G., 2012. Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), pp.95-119. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F. and Hansen, E.G., 2012. Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), pp.95-119. SearchCIO. (2016).What is business model innovation? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/business-model-innovation [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Us.pg.com. (2016).Home. [online] Available at: https://us.pg.com/ [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Von Schomberg, R., 2013. A vision of responsible research and innovation.Responsible innovation: managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, pp.51-74. Willard, B., 2012.The new sustainability advantage: seven business case benefits of a triple bottom line. New Society Publishers. Wright, K., 2014. Procter and Gamble and the Open Innovation Model.